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+<html>
+
+<head>
+<title>Vorbisfile - Sample Crosslapping</title>
+<link rel=stylesheet href="style.css" type="text/css">
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor=white text=black link="#5555ff" alink="#5555ff" vlink="#5555ff">
+<table border=0 width=100%>
+<tr>
+<td><p class=tiny>Vorbisfile documentation</p></td>
+<td align=right><p class=tiny>vorbisfile version 1.3.2 - 20101101</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>What is Crosslapping?</h1>
+
+<p>Crosslapping blends two samples together using a window function,
+such that any sudden discontinuities between the samples that may
+cause clicks or thumps are eliminated or blended away. The technique
+is nearly identical to how Vorbis internally splices together frames
+of audio data during normal decode. API functions are provided to <a
+href="ov_crosslap.html">crosslap transitions between seperate
+streams</a>, or to crosslap when <a href="seeking.html">seeking within
+a single stream</a>.
+
+<h1>Why Crosslap?</h1>
+<h2>The source of boundary clicks</h2>
+
+<p>Vorbis is a lossy compression format such that any compressed
+signal is at best a close approximation of the original. The
+approximation may be very good (ie, indistingushable to the human
+ear), but it is an approximation nonetheless. Even if a sample or set
+of samples is contructed carefully such that transitions from one to
+another match perfectly in the original, the compression process
+introduces minute amplitude and phase errors. It's an unavoidable
+result of such high compression rates.
+
+<p>If an application transitions instantly from one sample to another,
+any tiny discrepancy introduced in the lossy compression process
+becomes audible as a stairstep discontinuity. Even if the discrepancy
+in a normal lapped frame is only .1dB (usually far below the
+threshhold of perception), that's a sudden cliff of 380 steps in a 16
+bit sample (when there's a boundary with no lapping).
+
+<h2>I thought Vorbis was gapless</h2>
+
+<p>It is. Vorbis introduces no extra samples at the beginning or end
+of a stream, nor does it remove any samples. Gapless encoding
+eliminates 99% of the click, pop or outright blown speaker that would
+occur if boundaries had gaps or made no effort to align
+transitions. However, gapless encoding is not enough to entirely
+eliminate stairstep discontinuities all the time for exactly the
+reasons described above.
+
+<p>Frame lapping, like Vorbis performs internally during continuous
+playback, is necessary to eliminate that last epsilon of trouble.
+
+<h1>Easiest Crosslap</h1>
+
+The easiest way to perform crosslapping in Vorbis is to use the
+lapping functions with no other extra effort. These functions behave
+identically to when lapping isn't used except to provide
+at-least-very-good lapping results. Crosslapping will not introduce
+any samples into or remove any samples from the decoded audio; the
+only difference is that the transition is lapped. Lapping occurs from
+the current PCM position (either in the old stream, or at the position
+prior to calling a lapping seek) forward into the next
+half-short-block of audio data to be read from the new stream or
+position.
+
+<p>Ideally, vorbisfile internally reads an extra frame of audio from
+the old stream/position to perform lapping into the new
+stream/position. However, automagic crosslapping works properly even
+if the old stream/position is at EOF. In this case, the synthetic
+post-extrapolation generated by the encoder to pad out the last block
+with appropriate data (and avoid encoding a stairstep, which is
+inefficient) is used for crosslapping purposes. Although this is
+synthetic data, the result is still usually completely unnoticable
+even in careful listening (and always preferable to a click or pop).
+
+<p>Vorbisfile will lap between streams of differing numbers of
+channels. Any extra channels from the old stream are ignored; playback
+of these channels simply ends. Extra channels in the new stream are
+lapped from silence. Vorbisfile will also lap between streams links
+of differing sample rates. In this case, the sample rates are ignored
+(no implicit resampling is done to match playback). It is up to the
+application developer to decide if this behavior makes any sense in a
+given context; in practical use, these default behaviors perform
+sensibly.
+
+<h1>Best Crosslap</h1>
+
+<p>To acheive the best possible crosslapping results, avoid the case
+where synthetic extrapolation data is used for crosslapping. That is,
+design loops and samples such that a little bit of data is left over
+in sample A when seeking to sample B. Normally, the end of sample A
+and the beginning of B would overlap exactly; this allows
+crosslapping to perform exactly as it would within vorbis when
+stitching audio frames together into continuous decoded audio.
+
+<p>The optimal amount of overlap is half a short-block, and this
+varies by compression mode. Each encoder will vary in exact block
+size selection; for vorbis 1.0, for -q0 through -q10 and 44kHz or
+greater, a half-short block is 64 samples.
+
+<br><br>
+<hr noshade>
+<table border=0 width=100%>
+<tr valign=top>
+<td><p class=tiny>copyright &copy; 2000-2010 Xiph.Org</p></td>
+<td align=right><p class=tiny><a href="http://www.xiph.org/ogg/vorbis/">Ogg Vorbis</a></p></td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td><p class=tiny>Vorbisfile documentation</p></td>
+<td align=right><p class=tiny>vorbisfile version 1.3.2 - 20101101</p></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>