zlib Usage Example

From 373dc625f82b47096893add42c4472e4a57ab7eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Aki Date: Wed, 9 Feb 2022 22:23:03 +0100 Subject: Moved third-party libraries to a separate subdirectory --- zlib/examples/zlib_how.html | 545 -------------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 545 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 zlib/examples/zlib_how.html (limited to 'zlib/examples/zlib_how.html') diff --git a/zlib/examples/zlib_how.html b/zlib/examples/zlib_how.html deleted file mode 100644 index 444ff1c..0000000 --- a/zlib/examples/zlib_how.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,545 +0,0 @@ - - - - -zlib Usage Example - - - -

zlib Usage Example

-We often get questions about how the deflate() and inflate() functions should be used. -Users wonder when they should provide more input, when they should use more output, -what to do with a Z_BUF_ERROR, how to make sure the process terminates properly, and -so on. So for those who have read zlib.h (a few times), and -would like further edification, below is an annotated example in C of simple routines to compress and decompress -from an input file to an output file using deflate() and inflate() respectively. The -annotations are interspersed between lines of the code. So please read between the lines. -We hope this helps explain some of the intricacies of zlib. -

-Without further adieu, here is the program zpipe.c: -


-/* zpipe.c: example of proper use of zlib's inflate() and deflate()
-   Not copyrighted -- provided to the public domain
-   Version 1.4  11 December 2005  Mark Adler */
-
-/* Version history:
-   1.0  30 Oct 2004  First version
-   1.1   8 Nov 2004  Add void casting for unused return values
-                     Use switch statement for inflate() return values
-   1.2   9 Nov 2004  Add assertions to document zlib guarantees
-   1.3   6 Apr 2005  Remove incorrect assertion in inf()
-   1.4  11 Dec 2005  Add hack to avoid MSDOS end-of-line conversions
-                     Avoid some compiler warnings for input and output buffers
- */
-

-We now include the header files for the required definitions. From -stdio.h we use fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), -feof(), ferror(), and fclose() for file i/o, and -fputs() for error messages. From string.h we use -strcmp() for command line argument processing. -From assert.h we use the assert() macro. -From zlib.h -we use the basic compression functions deflateInit(), -deflate(), and deflateEnd(), and the basic decompression -functions inflateInit(), inflate(), and -inflateEnd(). -


-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include "zlib.h"
-

-This is an ugly hack required to avoid corruption of the input and output data on -Windows/MS-DOS systems. Without this, those systems would assume that the input and output -files are text, and try to convert the end-of-line characters from one standard to -another. That would corrupt binary data, and in particular would render the compressed data unusable. -This sets the input and output to binary which suppresses the end-of-line conversions. -SET_BINARY_MODE() will be used later on stdin and stdout, at the beginning of main(). -


-#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(OS2) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-#  include <fcntl.h>
-#  include <io.h>
-#  define SET_BINARY_MODE(file) setmode(fileno(file), O_BINARY)
-#else
-#  define SET_BINARY_MODE(file)
-#endif
-

-CHUNK is simply the buffer size for feeding data to and pulling data -from the zlib routines. Larger buffer sizes would be more efficient, -especially for inflate(). If the memory is available, buffers sizes -on the order of 128K or 256K bytes should be used. -


-#define CHUNK 16384
-

-The def() routine compresses data from an input file to an output file. The output data -will be in the zlib format, which is different from the gzip or zip -formats. The zlib format has a very small header of only two bytes to identify it as -a zlib stream and to provide decoding information, and a four-byte trailer with a fast -check value to verify the integrity of the uncompressed data after decoding. -


-/* Compress from file source to file dest until EOF on source.
-   def() returns Z_OK on success, Z_MEM_ERROR if memory could not be
-   allocated for processing, Z_STREAM_ERROR if an invalid compression
-   level is supplied, Z_VERSION_ERROR if the version of zlib.h and the
-   version of the library linked do not match, or Z_ERRNO if there is
-   an error reading or writing the files. */
-int def(FILE *source, FILE *dest, int level)
-{
-

-Here are the local variables for def(). ret will be used for zlib -return codes. flush will keep track of the current flushing state for deflate(), -which is either no flushing, or flush to completion after the end of the input file is reached. -have is the amount of data returned from deflate(). The strm structure -is used to pass information to and from the zlib routines, and to maintain the -deflate() state. in and out are the input and output buffers for -deflate(). -


-    int ret, flush;
-    unsigned have;
-    z_stream strm;
-    unsigned char in[CHUNK];
-    unsigned char out[CHUNK];
-

-The first thing we do is to initialize the zlib state for compression using -deflateInit(). This must be done before the first use of deflate(). -The zalloc, zfree, and opaque fields in the strm -structure must be initialized before calling deflateInit(). Here they are -set to the zlib constant Z_NULL to request that zlib use -the default memory allocation routines. An application may also choose to provide -custom memory allocation routines here. deflateInit() will allocate on the -order of 256K bytes for the internal state. -(See zlib Technical Details.) -

-deflateInit() is called with a pointer to the structure to be initialized and -the compression level, which is an integer in the range of -1 to 9. Lower compression -levels result in faster execution, but less compression. Higher levels result in -greater compression, but slower execution. The zlib constant Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, -equal to -1, -provides a good compromise between compression and speed and is equivalent to level 6. -Level 0 actually does no compression at all, and in fact expands the data slightly to produce -the zlib format (it is not a byte-for-byte copy of the input). -More advanced applications of zlib -may use deflateInit2() here instead. Such an application may want to reduce how -much memory will be used, at some price in compression. Or it may need to request a -gzip header and trailer instead of a zlib header and trailer, or raw -encoding with no header or trailer at all. -

-We must check the return value of deflateInit() against the zlib constant -Z_OK to make sure that it was able to -allocate memory for the internal state, and that the provided arguments were valid. -deflateInit() will also check that the version of zlib that the zlib.h -file came from matches the version of zlib actually linked with the program. This -is especially important for environments in which zlib is a shared library. -

-Note that an application can initialize multiple, independent zlib streams, which can -operate in parallel. The state information maintained in the structure allows the zlib -routines to be reentrant. -


-    /* allocate deflate state */
-    strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
-    strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
-    strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
-    ret = deflateInit(&strm, level);
-    if (ret != Z_OK)
-        return ret;
-

-With the pleasantries out of the way, now we can get down to business. The outer do-loop -reads all of the input file and exits at the bottom of the loop once end-of-file is reached. -This loop contains the only call of deflate(). So we must make sure that all of the -input data has been processed and that all of the output data has been generated and consumed -before we fall out of the loop at the bottom. -


-    /* compress until end of file */
-    do {
-

-We start off by reading data from the input file. The number of bytes read is put directly -into avail_in, and a pointer to those bytes is put into next_in. We also -check to see if end-of-file on the input has been reached. If we are at the end of file, then flush is set to the -zlib constant Z_FINISH, which is later passed to deflate() to -indicate that this is the last chunk of input data to compress. We need to use feof() -to check for end-of-file as opposed to seeing if fewer than CHUNK bytes have been read. The -reason is that if the input file length is an exact multiple of CHUNK, we will miss -the fact that we got to the end-of-file, and not know to tell deflate() to finish -up the compressed stream. If we are not yet at the end of the input, then the zlib -constant Z_NO_FLUSH will be passed to deflate to indicate that we are still -in the middle of the uncompressed data. -

-If there is an error in reading from the input file, the process is aborted with -deflateEnd() being called to free the allocated zlib state before returning -the error. We wouldn't want a memory leak, now would we? deflateEnd() can be called -at any time after the state has been initialized. Once that's done, deflateInit() (or -deflateInit2()) would have to be called to start a new compression process. There is -no point here in checking the deflateEnd() return code. The deallocation can't fail. -


-        strm.avail_in = fread(in, 1, CHUNK, source);
-        if (ferror(source)) {
-            (void)deflateEnd(&strm);
-            return Z_ERRNO;
-        }
-        flush = feof(source) ? Z_FINISH : Z_NO_FLUSH;
-        strm.next_in = in;
-

-The inner do-loop passes our chunk of input data to deflate(), and then -keeps calling deflate() until it is done producing output. Once there is no more -new output, deflate() is guaranteed to have consumed all of the input, i.e., -avail_in will be zero. -


-        /* run deflate() on input until output buffer not full, finish
-           compression if all of source has been read in */
-        do {
-

-Output space is provided to deflate() by setting avail_out to the number -of available output bytes and next_out to a pointer to that space. -


-            strm.avail_out = CHUNK;
-            strm.next_out = out;
-

-Now we call the compression engine itself, deflate(). It takes as many of the -avail_in bytes at next_in as it can process, and writes as many as -avail_out bytes to next_out. Those counters and pointers are then -updated past the input data consumed and the output data written. It is the amount of -output space available that may limit how much input is consumed. -Hence the inner loop to make sure that -all of the input is consumed by providing more output space each time. Since avail_in -and next_in are updated by deflate(), we don't have to mess with those -between deflate() calls until it's all used up. -

-The parameters to deflate() are a pointer to the strm structure containing -the input and output information and the internal compression engine state, and a parameter -indicating whether and how to flush data to the output. Normally deflate will consume -several K bytes of input data before producing any output (except for the header), in order -to accumulate statistics on the data for optimum compression. It will then put out a burst of -compressed data, and proceed to consume more input before the next burst. Eventually, -deflate() -must be told to terminate the stream, complete the compression with provided input data, and -write out the trailer check value. deflate() will continue to compress normally as long -as the flush parameter is Z_NO_FLUSH. Once the Z_FINISH parameter is provided, -deflate() will begin to complete the compressed output stream. However depending on how -much output space is provided, deflate() may have to be called several times until it -has provided the complete compressed stream, even after it has consumed all of the input. The flush -parameter must continue to be Z_FINISH for those subsequent calls. -

-There are other values of the flush parameter that are used in more advanced applications. You can -force deflate() to produce a burst of output that encodes all of the input data provided -so far, even if it wouldn't have otherwise, for example to control data latency on a link with -compressed data. You can also ask that deflate() do that as well as erase any history up to -that point so that what follows can be decompressed independently, for example for random access -applications. Both requests will degrade compression by an amount depending on how often such -requests are made. -

-deflate() has a return value that can indicate errors, yet we do not check it here. Why -not? Well, it turns out that deflate() can do no wrong here. Let's go through -deflate()'s return values and dispense with them one by one. The possible values are -Z_OK, Z_STREAM_END, Z_STREAM_ERROR, or Z_BUF_ERROR. Z_OK -is, well, ok. Z_STREAM_END is also ok and will be returned for the last call of -deflate(). This is already guaranteed by calling deflate() with Z_FINISH -until it has no more output. Z_STREAM_ERROR is only possible if the stream is not -initialized properly, but we did initialize it properly. There is no harm in checking for -Z_STREAM_ERROR here, for example to check for the possibility that some -other part of the application inadvertently clobbered the memory containing the zlib state. -Z_BUF_ERROR will be explained further below, but -suffice it to say that this is simply an indication that deflate() could not consume -more input or produce more output. deflate() can be called again with more output space -or more available input, which it will be in this code. -


-            ret = deflate(&strm, flush);    /* no bad return value */
-            assert(ret != Z_STREAM_ERROR);  /* state not clobbered */
-

-Now we compute how much output deflate() provided on the last call, which is the -difference between how much space was provided before the call, and how much output space -is still available after the call. Then that data, if any, is written to the output file. -We can then reuse the output buffer for the next call of deflate(). Again if there -is a file i/o error, we call deflateEnd() before returning to avoid a memory leak. -


-            have = CHUNK - strm.avail_out;
-            if (fwrite(out, 1, have, dest) != have || ferror(dest)) {
-                (void)deflateEnd(&strm);
-                return Z_ERRNO;
-            }
-

-The inner do-loop is repeated until the last deflate() call fails to fill the -provided output buffer. Then we know that deflate() has done as much as it can with -the provided input, and that all of that input has been consumed. We can then fall out of this -loop and reuse the input buffer. -

-The way we tell that deflate() has no more output is by seeing that it did not fill -the output buffer, leaving avail_out greater than zero. However suppose that -deflate() has no more output, but just so happened to exactly fill the output buffer! -avail_out is zero, and we can't tell that deflate() has done all it can. -As far as we know, deflate() -has more output for us. So we call it again. But now deflate() produces no output -at all, and avail_out remains unchanged as CHUNK. That deflate() call -wasn't able to do anything, either consume input or produce output, and so it returns -Z_BUF_ERROR. (See, I told you I'd cover this later.) However this is not a problem at -all. Now we finally have the desired indication that deflate() is really done, -and so we drop out of the inner loop to provide more input to deflate(). -

-With flush set to Z_FINISH, this final set of deflate() calls will -complete the output stream. Once that is done, subsequent calls of deflate() would return -Z_STREAM_ERROR if the flush parameter is not Z_FINISH, and do no more processing -until the state is reinitialized. -

-Some applications of zlib have two loops that call deflate() -instead of the single inner loop we have here. The first loop would call -without flushing and feed all of the data to deflate(). The second loop would call -deflate() with no more -data and the Z_FINISH parameter to complete the process. As you can see from this -example, that can be avoided by simply keeping track of the current flush state. -


-        } while (strm.avail_out == 0);
-        assert(strm.avail_in == 0);     /* all input will be used */
-

-Now we check to see if we have already processed all of the input file. That information was -saved in the flush variable, so we see if that was set to Z_FINISH. If so, -then we're done and we fall out of the outer loop. We're guaranteed to get Z_STREAM_END -from the last deflate() call, since we ran it until the last chunk of input was -consumed and all of the output was generated. -


-        /* done when last data in file processed */
-    } while (flush != Z_FINISH);
-    assert(ret == Z_STREAM_END);        /* stream will be complete */
-

-The process is complete, but we still need to deallocate the state to avoid a memory leak -(or rather more like a memory hemorrhage if you didn't do this). Then -finally we can return with a happy return value. -


-    /* clean up and return */
-    (void)deflateEnd(&strm);
-    return Z_OK;
-}
-

-Now we do the same thing for decompression in the inf() routine. inf() -decompresses what is hopefully a valid zlib stream from the input file and writes the -uncompressed data to the output file. Much of the discussion above for def() -applies to inf() as well, so the discussion here will focus on the differences between -the two. -


-/* Decompress from file source to file dest until stream ends or EOF.
-   inf() returns Z_OK on success, Z_MEM_ERROR if memory could not be
-   allocated for processing, Z_DATA_ERROR if the deflate data is
-   invalid or incomplete, Z_VERSION_ERROR if the version of zlib.h and
-   the version of the library linked do not match, or Z_ERRNO if there
-   is an error reading or writing the files. */
-int inf(FILE *source, FILE *dest)
-{
-

-The local variables have the same functionality as they do for def(). The -only difference is that there is no flush variable, since inflate() -can tell from the zlib stream itself when the stream is complete. -


-    int ret;
-    unsigned have;
-    z_stream strm;
-    unsigned char in[CHUNK];
-    unsigned char out[CHUNK];
-

-The initialization of the state is the same, except that there is no compression level, -of course, and two more elements of the structure are initialized. avail_in -and next_in must be initialized before calling inflateInit(). This -is because the application has the option to provide the start of the zlib stream in -order for inflateInit() to have access to information about the compression -method to aid in memory allocation. In the current implementation of zlib -(up through versions 1.2.x), the method-dependent memory allocations are deferred to the first call of -inflate() anyway. However those fields must be initialized since later versions -of zlib that provide more compression methods may take advantage of this interface. -In any case, no decompression is performed by inflateInit(), so the -avail_out and next_out fields do not need to be initialized before calling. -

-Here avail_in is set to zero and next_in is set to Z_NULL to -indicate that no input data is being provided. -


-    /* allocate inflate state */
-    strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
-    strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
-    strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
-    strm.avail_in = 0;
-    strm.next_in = Z_NULL;
-    ret = inflateInit(&strm);
-    if (ret != Z_OK)
-        return ret;
-

-The outer do-loop decompresses input until inflate() indicates -that it has reached the end of the compressed data and has produced all of the uncompressed -output. This is in contrast to def() which processes all of the input file. -If end-of-file is reached before the compressed data self-terminates, then the compressed -data is incomplete and an error is returned. -


-    /* decompress until deflate stream ends or end of file */
-    do {
-

-We read input data and set the strm structure accordingly. If we've reached the -end of the input file, then we leave the outer loop and report an error, since the -compressed data is incomplete. Note that we may read more data than is eventually consumed -by inflate(), if the input file continues past the zlib stream. -For applications where zlib streams are embedded in other data, this routine would -need to be modified to return the unused data, or at least indicate how much of the input -data was not used, so the application would know where to pick up after the zlib stream. -


-        strm.avail_in = fread(in, 1, CHUNK, source);
-        if (ferror(source)) {
-            (void)inflateEnd(&strm);
-            return Z_ERRNO;
-        }
-        if (strm.avail_in == 0)
-            break;
-        strm.next_in = in;
-

-The inner do-loop has the same function it did in def(), which is to -keep calling inflate() until has generated all of the output it can with the -provided input. -


-        /* run inflate() on input until output buffer not full */
-        do {
-

-Just like in def(), the same output space is provided for each call of inflate(). -


-            strm.avail_out = CHUNK;
-            strm.next_out = out;
-

-Now we run the decompression engine itself. There is no need to adjust the flush parameter, since -the zlib format is self-terminating. The main difference here is that there are -return values that we need to pay attention to. Z_DATA_ERROR -indicates that inflate() detected an error in the zlib compressed data format, -which means that either the data is not a zlib stream to begin with, or that the data was -corrupted somewhere along the way since it was compressed. The other error to be processed is -Z_MEM_ERROR, which can occur since memory allocation is deferred until inflate() -needs it, unlike deflate(), whose memory is allocated at the start by deflateInit(). -

-Advanced applications may use -deflateSetDictionary() to prime deflate() with a set of likely data to improve the -first 32K or so of compression. This is noted in the zlib header, so inflate() -requests that that dictionary be provided before it can start to decompress. Without the dictionary, -correct decompression is not possible. For this routine, we have no idea what the dictionary is, -so the Z_NEED_DICT indication is converted to a Z_DATA_ERROR. -

-inflate() can also return Z_STREAM_ERROR, which should not be possible here, -but could be checked for as noted above for def(). Z_BUF_ERROR does not need to be -checked for here, for the same reasons noted for def(). Z_STREAM_END will be -checked for later. -


-            ret = inflate(&strm, Z_NO_FLUSH);
-            assert(ret != Z_STREAM_ERROR);  /* state not clobbered */
-            switch (ret) {
-            case Z_NEED_DICT:
-                ret = Z_DATA_ERROR;     /* and fall through */
-            case Z_DATA_ERROR:
-            case Z_MEM_ERROR:
-                (void)inflateEnd(&strm);
-                return ret;
-            }
-

-The output of inflate() is handled identically to that of deflate(). -


-            have = CHUNK - strm.avail_out;
-            if (fwrite(out, 1, have, dest) != have || ferror(dest)) {
-                (void)inflateEnd(&strm);
-                return Z_ERRNO;
-            }
-

-The inner do-loop ends when inflate() has no more output as indicated -by not filling the output buffer, just as for deflate(). In this case, we cannot -assert that strm.avail_in will be zero, since the deflate stream may end before the file -does. -


-        } while (strm.avail_out == 0);
-

-The outer do-loop ends when inflate() reports that it has reached the -end of the input zlib stream, has completed the decompression and integrity -check, and has provided all of the output. This is indicated by the inflate() -return value Z_STREAM_END. The inner loop is guaranteed to leave ret -equal to Z_STREAM_END if the last chunk of the input file read contained the end -of the zlib stream. So if the return value is not Z_STREAM_END, the -loop continues to read more input. -


-        /* done when inflate() says it's done */
-    } while (ret != Z_STREAM_END);
-

-At this point, decompression successfully completed, or we broke out of the loop due to no -more data being available from the input file. If the last inflate() return value -is not Z_STREAM_END, then the zlib stream was incomplete and a data error -is returned. Otherwise, we return with a happy return value. Of course, inflateEnd() -is called first to avoid a memory leak. -


-    /* clean up and return */
-    (void)inflateEnd(&strm);
-    return ret == Z_STREAM_END ? Z_OK : Z_DATA_ERROR;
-}
-

-That ends the routines that directly use zlib. The following routines make this -a command-line program by running data through the above routines from stdin to -stdout, and handling any errors reported by def() or inf(). -

-zerr() is used to interpret the possible error codes from def() -and inf(), as detailed in their comments above, and print out an error message. -Note that these are only a subset of the possible return values from deflate() -and inflate(). -


-/* report a zlib or i/o error */
-void zerr(int ret)
-{
-    fputs("zpipe: ", stderr);
-    switch (ret) {
-    case Z_ERRNO:
-        if (ferror(stdin))
-            fputs("error reading stdin\n", stderr);
-        if (ferror(stdout))
-            fputs("error writing stdout\n", stderr);
-        break;
-    case Z_STREAM_ERROR:
-        fputs("invalid compression level\n", stderr);
-        break;
-    case Z_DATA_ERROR:
-        fputs("invalid or incomplete deflate data\n", stderr);
-        break;
-    case Z_MEM_ERROR:
-        fputs("out of memory\n", stderr);
-        break;
-    case Z_VERSION_ERROR:
-        fputs("zlib version mismatch!\n", stderr);
-    }
-}
-

-Here is the main() routine used to test def() and inf(). The -zpipe command is simply a compression pipe from stdin to stdout, if -no arguments are given, or it is a decompression pipe if zpipe -d is used. If any other -arguments are provided, no compression or decompression is performed. Instead a usage -message is displayed. Examples are zpipe < foo.txt > foo.txt.z to compress, and -zpipe -d < foo.txt.z > foo.txt to decompress. -


-/* compress or decompress from stdin to stdout */
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-    int ret;
-
-    /* avoid end-of-line conversions */
-    SET_BINARY_MODE(stdin);
-    SET_BINARY_MODE(stdout);
-
-    /* do compression if no arguments */
-    if (argc == 1) {
-        ret = def(stdin, stdout, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION);
-        if (ret != Z_OK)
-            zerr(ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    /* do decompression if -d specified */
-    else if (argc == 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "-d") == 0) {
-        ret = inf(stdin, stdout);
-        if (ret != Z_OK)
-            zerr(ret);
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    /* otherwise, report usage */
-    else {
-        fputs("zpipe usage: zpipe [-d] < source > dest\n", stderr);
-        return 1;
-    }
-}
-

-Copyright (c) 2004, 2005 by Mark Adler
Last modified 11 December 2005 - - -- cgit v1.1